Do We Know Enough about Negative Parenting? Recent Evidence on Parenting Styles and Child Maladjustment / ¿Sabemos suficiente sobre el estilo parental negativo? Pruebas recientes sobre los estilos parentales y la inadaptación de los hijos

Background: There are serious doubts as to whether parental strictness, one of the two main dimensions of parental style, can be a negative or positive component of parenting in traditional societies. Method: Parenting style (authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, and neglectful) was captured from strictness and warmth dimensions and child maladjustment was assessed with problems of self-esteem and self-concept (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical) studied worldwide. The sample was composed of 1,282 Chinese participants (676 females, 52.7%), 581 adolescent children (age ranging from 12-18 years, 45.3%), and 701 young adult children (age ranging from 19-31 years, 54.7%). A 4 × 2 × 2 factorial MANOVA was applied for all outcomes using parenting style, sex, and age as the independent variables. Results: The statistical analysis plainly indicated that authoritarian (strictness but not warmth) and neglectful (neither strictness nor warmth) parenting styles were associated with higher maladjustment in terms of lower self-esteem and self-concept scores. Indulgent (not strictness but warmth) and authoritative (strictness and warmth) parenting were positive parenting styles acting as protective factors against self-esteem and self-concept problems. The authoritative style (strictness and warmth), but not the authoritarian parenting style (strictness but not warmth), was the most positive parenting for academic self-concept, but only among adolescents. Conclusions: Interestingly, completely contrary to expectations that authoritarian parenting might be a positive parenting in traditional societies, present findings suggest that the authoritarian style might be a negative parenting related to child maladjustment. (AU)

Antecedentes: Existen serias dudas sobre si la severidad parental, una de las dos dimensiones principales del estilo parental, puede ser un componente negativo o positivo de la socialización en las sociedades tradicionales. Método: El estilo parental (autoritario, autorizativo, indulgente y negligente) se evaluó a partir de las dimensiones de severidad y afecto, y el desajuste de los hijos por medio de problemas de autoestima y autoconcepto (académicos, sociales, emocionales, familiares y físicos) estudiados en todo el mundo. La muestra estaba compuesta por 1,282 participantes chinos (676 mujeres, 52.7%), 581 hijos adolescentes (de 12 a 18 años, 45.3%) y 701 hijos adultos jóvenes (de 19 a 31 años, 54.7%). Se aplicó un MANOVA factorial 4 × 2 × 2 para todos los criterios utilizando el estilo parental, el sexo y la edad como variables independientes. Resultados: El análisis estadístico indicó claramente que el estilo parental autoritario (severidad sin afecto) y el negligente (ni severidad ni afecto) estaban relacionados con un mayor desajuste, como indican las menores puntuaciones de autoestima y autoconcepto. El estilo indulgente (afecto sin severidad) y el autorizativo (severidad y afecto) fueron estilos parentales positivos que actuaron como factores protectores contra los problemas de autoestima y autoconcepto. El estilo autorizativo (severidad y afecto), pero no el autoritario (severidad sin afecto), fue el más positivo para el autoconcepto académico, pero sólo en los adolescentes. Conclusiones: En contra de las expectativas de que el estilo parental autoritario podría ser positivo para la socialización en las sociedades tradicionales, los presentes resultados sugieren que la socialización autoritaria es un estilo parental negativo relacionado con problemas de desajuste de los hijos. (AU)

Estrés de la crianza, estilos maternos de alimentación y su relación con el índice de masa corporal del preescolar / Parenting stress, maternal feeding styles related to preschooler body mass index

Introducción: el exceso de peso en la infancia se ve influenciado por múltiples factores; la crianza podría contribuir a este problema, dado que durante la etapa infantil son los padres y principalmente la madre los responsables de proporcionar alimento y de alimentar a sus hijos. Objetivo: explorar la relación del estrés de la crianza y los estilos maternos de alimentación con el IMC del hijo preescolar. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal. Participaron 382 díadas madre e hijo, los últimos de 3-5 años. Los hijos asistían a instituciones públicas de educación preescolar. Las madres participantes contestaron la Escala de Estrés de la Crianza y el Cuestionario de Estilos de Alimentación del Cuidador. Se midió peso, talla y se calculó el IMC del preescolar. Resultados: el 34 % de las madres utilizaban con mayor frecuencia un estilo indulgente y el 28,2 % de los hijos preescolares tenía sobrepeso-obesidad. Las madres con estilo autoritario presentaban el rango promedio más alto de estrés de la crianza comparado con las otras categorías (H = 15,302, gl = 3, p = 0,002). Se identificó que la escolaridad materna, la dimensión de la responsabilidad y la demanda contribuyen al IMC del hijo preescolar. Conclusión: el estrés de la crianza y los estilos de alimentación son variables que contribuyen al riesgo de sobrepeso-obesidad en los hijos preescolares. (AU)

Introduction: excess weight in childhood is influenced by multiple factors; parenting could contribute to this problem, given that during the infant stage the parents, and mainly the mother, are responsible for providing food and feeding their children. Objective: to explore the relationship of parenting stress and maternal feeding styles with preschool BMI. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study. A total of 382 dyads, mother and child (3-5 years of age) participated. The children attended public preschool institutions. Participating mothers completed the Parenting Stress Scale and the Caregiver Feeding Styles Questionnaire. Weight and height were measured, and the child’s BMI was calculated. Results: 34 % of the mothers more frequently used an indulgent style, 28.2 % of the preschool children had overweight-obese. Mothers with an authoritative style had the highest mean range of parenting stress compared to other categories (H = 15.302, gl = 3, p = 0.002). Maternal schooling, responsibility and demand dimensions were identified as contributing to preschooler BMI. Conclusion: parenting stress and feeding styles are variables that contribute to the risk of overweight-obesity in preschool children. (AU)

Spanking and executive functioning in US children: A longitudinal analysis on a matched sample.

BACKGROUND: Spanking has been linked to multiple maladaptive child outcomes. However, previous research linking spanking with children's executive function skills (EFs; inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory) is limited by research designs that do not adequately address selection bias concerns, wherein the participant characteristics potentially differ between those who are spanked versus not spanked. OBJECTIVE: Using a representative sample of US children aged 5 to 6, this study strengthened the evidence for causal estimates on the link between spanking and subsequent EFs with a matched-group design. Low-frequency spanking and potential moderators (child gender, parent race/ethnicity, parental warmth) were tested to determine if they moderated the link between spanking and EFs. PARTICIPANTS: Data were drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (Ns = 12,750-12,830). To mitigate selection bias, entropy-balanced matching was utilized to match spanked versus not-spanked groups, and lagged dependent variable regression analyses were conducted on the matched sample to predict EFs by spanking group status. RESULTS: After matching, spanking at age 5 was associated with lower inhibitory control and lower cognitive flexibility at age 6, but was not significantly predictive of later working memory. The association with inhibitory control was observed even for low frequency spanking. However, no evidence of moderation by child gender, parent race/ethnicity, and parental warmth was identified. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that spanking is associated with lower executive functioning in children, although the associations varied by different EF domains.

Mental health and sleep quality of low-income mothers of one-year-olds during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social restrictions created an unprecedented context for families raising young children. Although studies have documented detrimental effects of the pandemic on maternal well-being, less is known about how the pandemic specifically impacted low-income mothers. We examined depression, anxiety, and sleep quality among low-income mothers of one-year-olds during the early months of the pandemic using data from the Baby's First Years study. Focusing on the control group (n = 547), we compared mothers interviewed before March 14th, 2020 (n = 342) to mothers interviewed between March 14th and June 30th, 2020 (n = 205) to determine whether the pandemic was associated with differences in mental health and sleep quality. Mothers were recruited from four cities in the United States, and most of the sample identified as Hispanic (42.2%) or Black, non-Hispanic (38.6%). We found that mothers interviewed during the pandemic reported better mental health and sleep quality. While we cannot speak to longer-term impacts of the pandemic, it is possible low-income mothers experienced relief from daily stressors during the initial shelter-in-place orders, which may have led to improvements in well-being. These results have implications for understanding how complex life stressors influence mental health and sleep quality among low-income mothers raising young children.

La pandemia del COVID-19 y las subsecuentes restricciones sociales crearon un contexto sin precedentes para las familias que estaban criando niños pequeños. Aunque los estudios han documentado los efectos perjudiciales de la pandemia sobre el bienestar materno, menos se conoce acerca de cómo la pandemia específicamente tuvo un impacto sobre madres de bajos recursos económicos. Examinamos la depresión, ansiedad y calidad del sueño entre madres de bajos recursos económicos de niños de un año de edad durante los primeros meses de la pandemia usando datos del estudio Primeros Años del Bebé. Enfocándonos en el grupo de control (n = 547), comparamos las madres entrevistadas antes del 14 de marzo de 2020 (n = 342) con madres entrevistadas entre el 14 de marzo y el 30 de junio de 2020 (n = 205) para determinar si la pandemia se asociaba con diferencias en salud mental y calidad del sueño. A las madres se les reclutó en cuatro ciudades de Estados Unidos y la mayor parte del grupo muestra se identificaron como Hispanas (42.2%) o Negras no Hispanas (38.6%). Encontramos que las madres entrevistadas durante la pandemia reportaron mejor salud mental y calidad del sueño. A pesar de que no podemos hablar sobre el impacto a largo plazo de la pandemia, es posible que las madres de bajos recursos económicos experimentaran alivio en los factores diarios de estrés durante el inicial mandato de quedarse en su casa, lo cual pudiera haber llevado a mejoras en el bienestar. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para comprender cómo los complejos factores de estrés influyen en la salud mental y la calidad del sueño entre madres de bajos recursos económicos que crían a niños pequeños.

La pandémie du COVID-19 et les restrictions sociales qui en ont découlé ont créé un contexte sans précédent pour les familles élevant de jeunes enfants. Bien que des études aient documenté des effets préjudiciables de la pandémie sur le bien-être maternel, on en sait moins sur la manière dont la pandémie a spécifiquement impacté les mères de milieux défavorisés. Nous avons examiné la dépression, l'anxiété, et la qualité du sommeil chez des mères de milieux défavorisés avec un enfant d'un an durant les premiers mois de la pandémie, en utilisant des données de l'étude Baby's First Years. Nous concentrant sur le groupe de contrôle (n = 547), nous avons comparé des mères interviewées avant le 14 mars 2020 (n = 342) à des mères interviewées entre le 14 mars et le 30 juin 2020 (n = 205) afin de déterminer si la pandémie était liée à des différences en santé mentale et en qualité de sommeil. Les mères ont été recrutées dans quatre villes des Etats-Unis et la plupart de l'échantillon s'identifiait comme Hispanique (42,2%) ou Noires, non hispaniques (38,6%). Nous avons trouvé que les mères interviewées Durant la pandémie faisaient état d'une meilleure santé mentale et d'une meilleure qualité de sommeil. Bien que nous ne puissions pas parler des impacts de la pandémie à long terme, il est possible que les mères de milieux défavorisés aient fait l'expérience d'un soulagement des facteurs de stress quotidiens durant la période initiale de confinement, ce qui pourrait avoir mené à des améliorations dans le bien-être. Ces résultats ont des implications pour la compréhension de la manière dont des facteurs de stress complexes influencent la santé mentale et la qualité du sommeil chez les mères de milieux défavorisés élevant de jeunes enfants.

Crianza en pandèmia / Upbringing in pandemic

Los autores vienen trabajando sobre la temática del ritmo como punto de observaciónde la vincularidad madre-bebé y la sincronía vincular que pueda ir garantizando la salud psíquica del bebé. Lallegada de la pandemia incluyó nuevas incertidumbres que interrumpieron el ritmo de lo cotidiano. El tiempo deaislamiento y restricciones en el contacto dejaba muy solos a los padres, sin poder contar con una suficiente redde contención. El dispositivo “Crianza en pandemia” fue un espacio de contención de las familias con el objetivode restablecer la conectividad perdida.

The rhythm, as a point of observation of the mother-baby relationship and the syn-chrony of the relationship that can guarantee the psychic health of the baby are the topis the authors have beenworking on for a while. The arrival of the pandemic brought new uncertainties that interrupted the rhythm ofeveryday life. The time of isolation and restrictions on contact meant that parents felt very lonely, unable to counton a sufficient network of support. The “Crianza en pandemia” device was a space of self-restarint for the familieswith the aim of re-establishing the lost connectivity.(AU)

Els autors treballen sobre la temàtica del ritme com a punt d’observació del vincle mare-bebè i la sincronia vincular que pugui garantir la salut psíquica del nadó. L’arribada de la pandèmia va inclou-re noves incerteses que van interrompre el ritme del que és quotidià. El temps d’aïllament i restriccions en elcontacte deixava els pares molt sols, sense poder comptar amb prou xarxa de contenció. El dispositiu “Criançaen pandèmia” va ser un espai de contenció de les famílies amb l’objectiu de restablir la connectivitat perduda.(AU)

Maternal executive function, authoritarian attitudes, and hostile attribution bias as interacting predictors of harsh parenting.

Executive function (EF) plays a key role in healthy development and human functioning across multiple domains, including socially, behaviorally, and in the self-regulation of cognition and emotion. Prior research has associated lower levels of maternal EF with harsher and more reactive parenting, and mothers' social cognitive attributes like authoritarian child-rearing attitudes and hostile attribution biases also contribute to harsh parenting practices. There have been few studies that explore the intersection of maternal EF and social cognitions. The present study addresses this gap by testing whether the relationship between individual differences in maternal EF and harsh parenting behaviors is statistically moderated separately by maternal authoritarian attitudes and hostile attribution bias. Participants were 156 mothers in a socioeconomically diverse sample. Multi-informant and multimethod assessments of harsh parenting and EF were utilized, and mothers self-reported on their child-rearing attitudes and attribution bias. Harsh parenting was negatively associated with maternal EF and hostile attribution bias. Authoritarian attitudes significantly interacted with EF (and the attribution bias interaction was marginally significant) in prediction of variance in harsh parenting behaviors. Commensurate with social information processing theory, EF and social cognitive attributes play critical and distinct roles in the causes of harsh caregiving practices. Findings elucidate that reforming parental social cognitions, in addition to targeting EF, may be effective prevention and intervention methods for yielding more positive parenting behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of a Nurturing Care Group behavior change program on child protection outcomes in Ghana: A controlled before and after trial.

BACKGROUND: As part of an effort to rigorously apply behavioral science to child protection efforts, a behavior change model called Nurturing Care Groups (NCGs) was tested for effectiveness in changing child abuse and corporal punishment behaviors. OBJECTIVE: The primary research question was to what degree NCGs could change child protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices among caregivers in a low-cost program with broad reach, which could feasibly be scaled. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The NCG project was implemented in two distinct ecological zones in Ghana, reaching 73,959 caregivers of children under 5 across 41 communities; while 20 communities were control sites with no NCG intervention. METHODS: Stratified random sampling was used to select intervention area respondents. Cluster sampling was utilized in control areas, using the Probability Proportional to Size method. Standard measures were used to assess changes in practices of violence and abuse, stress experience and management, parenting techniques, and the household environment. Difference-in-difference linear regression was used to compare intervention and control results. RESULTS: Intervention areas demonstrated statistically-significant and substantial changes in reported knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to physical abuse and corporal punishment. Knowledge of negative impacts of stress on parenting, as well as stress reduction techniques increased in intervention areas, as did positive discipline and parenting practices. CONCLUSIONS: The NCG model demonstrated important promising results for changing child protection behaviors in this descriptive study. Statistically-significant decreases in reported physical and psychological punishment and corresponding increases in reported positive discipline indicate that this may be an effective and low-cost intervention for child protection behavior change.

How are parental practices and attitudes towards corporal punishment related to child academic, developmental, or psychological-emotional dysfunctioning?

Corporal punishment (CP) is a widely spread disciplining practice among parents and caregivers globally. Our paper aimed to explore the relationship between the parental attitudes towards CP, expected outcomes of CP, and parenting practices on one hand, with the reported dysfunctions of their children, on the other. Additionally, we aimed to explore the relationship between the use of CP and the reported academic, developmental, and psychological-emotional dysfunctions of their children. The present study involved a nationally representative sample of 1186 parents in Serbia, who had at least one child aged 0-18 years at the moment of interviewing. The parents filled out a series of questionnaires on their attitudes towards CP, expectations of CP outcomes, and their parental practices. Findings indicate that parents that report having a child with dysfunctions have positive attitudes towards CP and expect positive outcomes of CP. These parents also report using more CP as a disciplining method, as well as other harsh disciplining practices. We also identified parental positive expectations of CP, use of physical assault, psychological aggression, neglect as significant predictors of reported child dysfunctions severity. Having all the results in mind, we can assume that children with health-related and school-related issues might be at potential risk of further maltreatment.

As funções parentais em casais homossexuais masculinos com bebês / Funciones parentales en parejas homosexuales masculinas con bebés / Parental functions in homosexual male couples with babies

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou investigar as funções parentais em casais homossexuais masculinos com bebês a partir das teorizações de Winnicott. Trata-se de um estudo de casos com dois casais de homens, um deles adotou a filha logo após seu nascimento, a qual estava com dois anos e cinco meses na época do estudo, e outro recorreu à barriga solidária, cujo filho já estava com um ano e três meses. Foram realizadas entrevistas conjunta e individualmente. Os relatos foram submetidos à análise temática, investigando-se aspectos da prática da parentalidade. Os resultados demonstraram que o vínculo pais-filho(a) foi construído a partir dos cuidados cotidianos, que os casais buscaram dividir de forma igualitária. Foi possível identificar em cada participante tanto aspectos da função materna propostas por Winnicott, quanto da função paterna. Os achados indicam que as funções que os adultos exercem junto aos bebês, mais do que materna e paterna, são funções parentais que independem do gênero ou da orientação sexual do cuidador.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las funciones de los padres en parejas homosexuales masculinas con bebés basándose en las teorizaciones de Winnicott. Este es un estudio de caso con dos parejas de hombres, una de las cuales adoptó a su hija poco después del nacimiento, que tenía 2 años y 5 meses en el momento del estudio, y otra recurrió a la subrogación, cujo hijo ya tenía 1 año y 3 meses. Las entrevistas se realizaron de forma conjunta e individual. Los informes fueron sometidos a análisis temático, investigando aspectos de la practica de la parentalidad. Los resultados mostraron que el vínculo padre-hijo se construyó a partir del cuidado diario, que las parejas trataron de dividir en partes iguales. Fue posible identificar en cada participante ambos aspectos de la función materna propuesto por Winnicott y de la función paterna. Los resultados indican que las funciones que los adultos desempeñan con los bebés, en lugar de maternas o paternas, son funciones parentales que son independientes del género o la orientación sexual del cuidador.

ABSTRACT. The present study aimed to investigate parental functions in male homosexual couples with babies based on Winnicott's theorizations. This is a case study with two male couples, one who adopted their daughter right after her birth, wich was 2 years and 5 months old at the time of the study, and another that resort on surrogacy, with a child of 1 year and 3 months. Interviews were conducted jointly and individually. Participants' reports were submitted to thematic analysis, investigating aspects of parenting practice. The results showed that the parent-child bond was built from daily care, which the couples sought to divide equally. It was possible to identify in each participant both aspects of the maternal and paternal functions proposed by Winnicott. The findings indicate that the functions that adults carry out with infants, rather than maternal and paternal ones, are parental functions that are independent of the gender or the sexual orientation of the caregiver.

The association between parenting styles, maternal self-efficacy, and social and emotional adjustment among Arab preschool children

Abstract Parenting styles and parental self-efficacy are major factors that affect the overall adjustment of children. The current study examined parenting styles and maternal self-efficacy and their association with social-emotional adjustment among Arab preschool children living in Israel. Parenting Styles Questionnaire , Maternal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire , and Adjustment Questionnaire were administered to 420 Arabic-speaking mothers of 3- to 4-year-old children. After employing multiple regression analyses, the results indicated that parenting styles and the overall adjustment of children were significantly correlated. More precisely, a significant association between authoritative parenting style and higher levels of social-emotional adjustment among preschool children was found. Furthermore, maternal self-efficacy was significantly correlated to the overall adjustment of children. In this regard, higher maternal self-efficacy is associated with increased social-emotional adjustment among preschool children. The findings of our study show the applicability of these constructs found relevant across numerous cultures in a unique sample of Arab children living in Israel. Lastly, this study supports intervention programs that promote authoritative parenting style and parental self-efficacy in Arab communities.

Adaptação da Escala de Crenças sobre Punições Físicas para o contexto brasileiro / Adaptation of the Physical Punishment Beliefs Scale to the Brazilian context / Adaptación de la Escala de Creencias sobre Castigos Físicos para el contexto brasileño

O estudo tem como objetivo apresentar o processo de adaptação da Escala de Crenças sobre Punições Físicas (ECPF) para o contexto brasileiro, bem como as evidências iniciais de dimensionalidade e precisão da escala para uma amostra de brasileiros. Além disso, investigou-se se gênero, faixa etária, parentalidade, histórico de maus-tratos na infância e histórico de violência por parceiro íntimo exercem influência sobre os níveis de crenças sobre punições físicas. Participaram 257 indivíduos, sendo 196 (76,3%) do gênero feminino. Os resultados indicaram que a versão brasileira da escala apresentou melhores índices de ajuste na estrutura unifatorial (TLI = 0,96; RMSEA [90% I.C.] = 0,08 (0,08 - 0,09). As cargas fatoriais variaram de 0,31 a 0,91. Identificou-se, também, que os níveis de crenças sobre punições físicas foram influenciados pelo gênero e idade dos participantes. Os resultados obtidos são favoráveis ao uso da ECPF em amostras brasileiras.(AU)

The study aimed to adapt the Physical Punishment Beliefs Scale to the Brazilian context, and presents the initial evidence of dimensionality and reliability of the scale for a Brazilian sample. It was also investigated whether gender, age group, parenting, history of child maltreatment, and history of intimate partner violence influenced the beliefs related to the levels of physical punishment. Participants were 257 individuals, 196 (76.3%) of whom were female. The results indicated that the Brazilian version of the scale presented better fit indices for the single factor structure (TLI = .96; RMSEA [90% I.C.] = .08 (.08 - .09). The factor loadings ranged from .31 to .91. It was also identified that the beliefs related to the levels of physical punishment were influenced by gender and age group. The results obtained are favorable for the use of the scale in Brazilian samples.(AU)

El estudio tiene como objetivo presentar el proceso de adaptación de la Escala de Creencias sobre Castigos Físicos (ECPF) para el contexto brasileño, así como las evidencias iniciales de dimensionalidad y precisión de la escala para una muestra de brasileños. Además, se investigó si el género, el grupo de edad, la parentalidad, los antecedentes del maltrato infantil y los antecedentes de violencia de pareja influyen en los niveles de creencias sobre el castigo físico. Participaron 257 indivíduos, de las cuales 196 (76,3%) eran mujeres. Los resultados indicaron que la versión brasileña de la escala presentó mejores índices de ajuste en la estructura unifactorial (TLI = 0,96; [90% I.C.]. = 0,08 (0,08 - 0,09). Las cargas factoriales oscilaron entre 0,21 y 0,91. También se identificó que los niveles de creencias sobre castigos físicos fueron influenciados por el género y la edad de los participantes. Los resultados obtenidos son favorables al uso de la ECPF en muestras brasileñas.(AU)

Quantile regression analysis of the association between parental rearing and interpersonal sensitivity in Chinese adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Parental rearing is well documented as an important influencing factor of interpersonal sensitivity (IS). However, little research has focused on the extent by which various aspects of parental rearing in fluence IS. This study aimed to analyze the effects of parental rearing on IS, using quantile regression. We analyzed the extent of the influence of parental rearing on IS by quantile regression to provide definitive evidence on the family education of adolescents with IS problems. METHODS: The multiple cross-sectional studies were conducted among 3345 adolescents from Harbin, China, in 1999, 2006, 2009 and 2016. Furthermore, a multistage sampling method (stratified random cluster) was used to select participants. IS was assessed using a subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision. Perceived parental rearing was assessed using the Egna Minnen av. Barndoms Uppfostran. The ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression was used to determine the average effect of parental rearing on IS. The quantile regression was conducted to examine the established associations and to further explain the association. RESULTS: Paternal emotional warmth was found to be associated with IS across the quantile, especially after the 0.6 quantiles; however, this association was not found for maternal emotional warmth. Paternal punishment was associated with IS at the 0.22-0.27 and 0.60 quantile; however, maternal punishment had no significant effect on IS. QR method found that paternal overinvolvement was associated with IS at the 0.48-0.65 quantiles, but paternal overprotection was associated with IS across the quantile; however, maternal overinvolvement and overprotection was positively correlated with IS at the 0.07-0.95 quantiles. The correlation between paternal rejection and IS was found at the 0.40-0.75 and > 0.90 quantiles; maternal rejection was associated with IS within the 0.05-0.92 quantiles. CONCLUSIONS: Parental rearing practices predict different magnitudes of IS at varying levels. This study provides suggestions for parents to assess purposefully and systematically, intervene, and ameliorate adolescent IS problems. We also highlight the role of paternal rearing in children's IS problems, providing new ideas for family education.

Coparenting Problems and Parenting Behavior as Mediating Links Between Interparental Conflict and Toddlers' Adjustment Difficulties in Germany.

Objective: Interparental conflict has long been acknowledged as a major risk factor for the well-being of children. Empirical studies reveal clear associations between children's maladjustment and frequent destructive conflicts between their parents (van Eldik et al., 2020). Existing research suggests that interparental conflict spills over from the couple to the coparental relationship, undermining parents' skills to cooperate and their parenting competencies. This study addresses the effects of interparental conflict on the behavioral and emotional problems of toddlers. Methods: The analyses were based on longitudinal data from the German Family Panel pairfam. The sample comprised information on N = 828 anchor participants (59.9 % female) and their 3- to 5-year-old children. Results: As expected, the effects of interparental conflict on children's behavioral and emotional problems were mediated by coparenting problems and in part also by negative parenting. Further analyses comparing mothers and fathers revealed a stronger direct path of interparental conflict on coparenting for mothers. Conclusions: The findings provide support for the significance of the interparental relationship and coparenting quality for child development, even in this young age group, and point to the importance of early prevention.

Is There a Rejuvenating Effect of (Grand)Childcare? A Longitudinal Study on German Data.

OBJECTIVES: Provision of grandchild care has been found to be associated with a youthful subjective age. Yet, previous studies on this topic were cross-sectional and ignored the increasing proportions of older people growing old without the opportunity to become a grandparent. This study investigates the effects of childcare to grandchildren and to other children on subjective age using panel data. METHODS: We exploit the longitudinal nature of data from the German Ageing Survey (DEAS) to examine the association between grandparental childcare and care to other children with subjective age, using fixed-effects regression analyses on a sample of 50-85 years old individuals (men: N = 11,151; n = 3,984; women: N = 10,687; n = 3,746, where N is the number of observations and n is the number of individuals). RESULTS: The results from cross-sectional analyses show a "rejuvenating effect" of provision of both types of childcare in later life, especially for women. However, longitudinal analyses find very small and statistically insignificant effects. DISCUSSION: We show for the first time that both grandchild care and childcare outside the grandparent-grandchild relationship are associated with a youthful subjective age for older people. However, these associations are likely due to selection effects, that is, unobserved characteristics of people that make them more likely to engage in childcare and are also associated with subjective age. Our results warn against causal interpretation of associations found in previous studies, but also open up new research questions on the role played by childcare other than to grandchildren.

Parental rearing and personality traits as predictors for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

We aim to determine the correlation between parental rearing, personality traits, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in different quantiles. In particular, we created an intermediary effect model in which parental rearing affects OCD through personality traits. All predictors were measured at the time of the survey, comprising parental rearing (paternal rearing and maternal rearing), demographics (grade and gender), and personality traits (neuroticism, extroversion, and psychoticism). These results suggest that (a) paternal emotional warmth was negatively correlated with OCD at the 0.40-0.80 quantile, while maternal emotional warmth was positively correlated with the OCD at the 0.45-0.69 quantile. (b) The correlation between negative parental rearing and OCD ranged from the 0.67 to 0.95 quantile for paternal punishment, 0.14-0.82 quantile for paternal overprotection, 0.05-0.36 and >0.50 quantile for maternal over-intervention and overprotection, and 0.08-0.88 quantile for maternal rejection. (c) Extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism were not only associated with OCD in a particular quantile but also mediated between parental rearing (namely parental emotional warmth, paternal punishment, paternal overprotection, maternal rejection, maternal over-intervention, and overprotection) and OCD. These findings provide targets for early interventions of OCD to improve the form of family education and personality traits and warrant validation.

Maternal and paternal worry, anxious rearing behaviors, and child anxiety during the preschool years.

Despite recent studies on parents' worries and children's anxiety, little is known about the mechanisms linking parental worry to childhood anxiety. In a nonclinical sample of 302 preschool children and both parents from Chinese two-parent families, this 1-year longitudinal study examined how maternal and paternal worry predict child anxiety through the mediating role of maternal and paternal anxious rearing behaviors. Structural equation modeling revealed that after controlling for child anxiety (T1): (a) maternal worry (T1) significantly and positively predicted child anxiety (T2) through maternal anxious rearing behaviors (T1), but not through paternal anxious rearing behaviors (T1); and (b) paternal worry (T1) significantly and positively predicted child anxiety (T2) through maternal anxious rearing behaviors (T1), but not through paternal anxious rearing behaviors (T1). These findings suggest that both maternal and paternal worry are related to maternal anxious rearing behaviors, which increase child anxiety. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

'la mamá soy yo': experiencias parentales de madres y padres con discapacidad en Chile / 'a mamãe sou eu': experiências parentais de mães e pais com deficiência no Chile / 'i'm the mother': experiences of mothers and fathers with disability in Chile

Resumen: Las personas con discapacidad (PcD) suelen ser infantilizadas y consideradas como asexuadas y no reproductivas. Esto ha llevado a que sus procesos y experiencias parentales sean invisibilizados o violentados. En el marco de una investigación cualitativa se realizaron 20 entrevistas en profundidad a madres y padres con discapacidad - auditiva, visual, física, intelectual - en Chile. El entorno social de las PcD cuestiona sus posibilidades de ser madres y padres utilizando argumentos eugenésicos y de incapacidad. Una vez que tienen hijos(as) la combinación de la sobrevigilancia, la falta de apoyo y las barreras hace que la posición de madres y padres sea muy vulnerable. Madres y padres con discapacidad desarrollan estrategias de resistencia para contrarrestar las visiones negativas sobre la discapacidad y evitar la discriminación, lo que conlleva un trabajo oculto que tiene un alto costo emocional y físico para ellas(os). La maternidad y paternidad de personas con discapacidad puede ser vista como una estrategia de resistencia en sí misma ya que permite comprender que no existe una contradicción entre cuidar a otro y necesitar cuidado.

Resumo: Pessoas com deficiência são frequentemente infantilizadas e consideradas assexuadas e não reprodutivas. Isso faz com que seus processos e experiências parentais se tornem invisíveis ou violados. No âmbito de uma pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas em profundidade com mães e pais com deficiência - física, auditiva, visual ou intelectual/cognitiva - no Chile. O meio social das pessoas com deficiência questiona suas possibilidades de serem mães e pais por meio de argumentos eugênicos e de incapacidades. Depois de terem filhos, a combinação de vigilância excessiva, falta de apoio e barreiras torna a posição de mães e pais muito vulnerável. Mães e pais com deficiência desenvolvem estratégias de resistência para neutralizar visões negativas sobre a deficiência e evitar a discriminação, o que envolve trabalho oculto que tem um alto custo emocional e físico para eles. A maternidade e a paternidade das pessoas com deficiência podem ser vistas como uma estratégia de resistência por si só, uma vez que permitem compreender que não há contradição em precisar de cuidados e cuidar do outro.

ABSTRACT. People with disability (PWDs) are often infantilized and regarded as asexual and 'non-reproductive'. As a result, their parental processes and experiences are invisibilized or violated. In the framework of a qualitative study conducted in Chile, 20 in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers and fathers with physical, sensory or intellectual disability. The social environment of people with disability questions their ability of being mothers and fathers using eugenic and disability arguments. Once they have children, the combination of surveillance, lack of support, and barriers puts them in a very vulnerable position. Both mothers and fathers develop resistance strategies to counteract negative views about their disability and avoid discrimination in a hidden effort that has a high emotional and physical toll on them. The motherhood and fatherhood of people with disability can be seen as a resistance strategy in itself since it allows us to understand that there is no contradiction between caring for another and needing care.

Emotional competence, attachment, and parenting styles in children and parents

The goal of this study was to examine whether a subject's emotional competence correlates to attachment styles and parenting styles in children and their parents. The study was conducted with fifty children (9-11 years old) and their parents, both of whose emotional competence (EKF) and parenting style (PAQ) were measured. The attachment styles of parents and children were measured with the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) and the Bochumer Bindungstest (BoBiTe), respectively. The findings provide initial support to the assumption that attachment is related to emotional competence in parents. This relationship, however, was not significantly correlated in children. In addition, authoritative parenting and permissive parenting were significantly associated with emotional competence in parents. Emotional competence in children showed to be associated with an authoritative parenting style.

Physical punishment and child outcomes: a narrative review of prospective studies.

Physical punishment is increasingly viewed as a form of violence that harms children. This narrative review summarises the findings of 69 prospective longitudinal studies to inform practitioners and policy makers about physical punishment's outcomes. Our review identified seven key themes. First, physical punishment consistently predicts increases in child behaviour problems over time. Second, physical punishment is not associated with positive outcomes over time. Third, physical punishment increases the risk of involvement with child protective services. Fourth, the only evidence of children eliciting physical punishment is for externalising behaviour. Fifth, physical punishment predicts worsening behaviour over time in quasi-experimental studies. Sixth, associations between physical punishment and detrimental child outcomes are robust across child and parent characteristics. Finally, there is some evidence of a dose-response relationship. The consistency of these findings indicates that physical punishment is harmful to children and that policy remedies are warranted.

Del niño causa al niño soporte: las trampas del Otro

La infancia no es un paraíso. Es un territorio a habitar, un tiempo constitutivo y constituyente donde el niño juega su partida con las cartas que el Otro da. Al menos así es al inicio. Por eso, en ese encuentro entre el niño y el otro de los primeros cuidados puede haber todo tipo de variaciones, contingencias, tropiezos. Se interroga la ligazón entre el objeto a y la angustia a la luz de la relación del niño y el Otro. En sus matices pueden hallarse algunas orientaciones clínicas, y se recortan en este sentido, los puntos en los cuales la dimensión del objeto se hace presente en tanto el niño se reconoce concernido por dicha posición. (AU)